Arshile Gorky, Abstract Expressionist Painter

Arshile Gorky (born Vostanik Manoug Adoian; 1904-1948) was an Armenian-American artist who had a significant impact on the development of abstract expressionism. He is closely associated with his friend Willem de Kooning and the New York School of painters. Fast Facts: Arshile Gorky Full Name: Vostanik Manoug AdoianOccupation: PainterStyle: Abstract expressionismBorn: April 15, 1904 in Khorgom, Ottoman EmpireDied: July 21, 1948 in Sherman, ConnecticutSpouse: Agnes MagruderChildren: Maro, YaldaEducation: New School of Design, BostonSelected Works: Organization (1933-1936), The Liver Is the Cocks Comb (1944), Agony (1947) Early Life and Move to America Born in the village of Khorgom, on the shores of Lake Van in the Ottoman Empire (now part of Turkey), Arshile Gorky was part of a family of Armenian descent. His father left his family in 1908 to emigrate to the U.S. to escape the Ottoman Empires military draft. In 1915, Gorky fled the Lake Van area with his mother and three sisters during the Armenian Genocide. They escaped into Russian-controlled territory. After his mother died of starvation in 1919, Arshile Gorky traveled to the U.S. in 1920 and reunited with his father, but they were never close. Education and Training Arshile Gorky was a self-trained artist when he arrived in the U.S. He enrolled in the New School of Design in Boston and studied there from 1922 to 1924. There, he encountered work by some of the worlds top modernist artists for the first time. He found post-impressionist painter Paul Cezanne particularly influential. Gorkys early landscapes and still lifes demonstrate this impact. Landscape (1927-1928). Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain In 1925, Gorky moved to New York. There he explored the innovative work of Pablo Picasso and the Spanish surrealist Joan Miro. He also developed friendships with other rising artists including Stuart Davis and Willem de Kooning. Cubism, expressionism, and the brightly-colored work of the Fauves all impacted Gorkys work. In New York, the young artist changed his name from the Armenian Vostanik Adoian to Arshile Gorky. It was calculated to escape the negative reputation of Armenian refugees. Sometimes, Arshile even claimed to be a relative of Russian writer Maxim Gorky. Rise in Public Stature Arshile Gorky was among the artists included in the Museum of Modern Arts prestigious 1930 group show of emerging artists. The following year his first solo exhibition took place in Philadelphia. From 1935 to 1941, he worked along with Willem de Kooning for the Works Progress Administration (WPA) of the Federal Art Project. Among the work was a set of murals for the Newark, New Jersey airport. Unfortunately, only two of a set of ten panels still exist. A 1935 Whitney Museum of American Art show titled Abstract Painting in America included Gorky. In the mid-1930s, Gorkys painting shows influences from both Picassos synthetic cubism and Joan Miros organic forms. The painting Organization is a striking depiction of this stage of Gorkys work. Organization (1933-1936). Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain Arshile Gorkys mature style emerged by the early 1940s. It was influenced by both Surrealist painters and the abstract expressionist artists arriving from Europe. Among the recent arrivals escaping Nazi Germany were Josef Albers and Hans Hofmann. Later Years In 1941, Arshile Gorky married Agnes Magruder, who was 20 years younger than him. They had two daughters, but the relationship ultimately was a tragic one. In 1946, Gorkys studio in Connecticut burned to the ground. It destroyed most of his work. A month later, he received a cancer diagnosis. While fighting cancer, Gorky found out that his wife was having an affair with fellow artist Roberto Matta. The couple separated, and the artist was involved in a car accident that hastened his physical deterioration. On July 21, 1948, Arshile Gorky committed suicide. Despite the horrific circumstances of his personal life, the paintings from Gorkys final years are powerful. His 1944 painting The Liver Is the Cocks Comb is perhaps his most fully developed work. It pulls together all of his influences into a style of abstract expressionism distinctly his own. The 1947 painting Agony reflects the personal tragedies in striking, powerful forms. The Liver Is the Cocks Comb (1944). Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain Legacy While he is most often listed as an abstract expressionist painter, a closer analysis reveals that Arshile Gorky assimilated influences from a wide range of 20th century painting movements. His early work explores post-impressionist themes championed by Paul Cezanne. In his move to complete abstraction, Gorky pulls in surrealist ideas and the influence of cubism. Shaun Curry / Getty Images Gorkys legacy is also seen in the relationships he developed with other artists. Willem de Koonings use of personal elements in his work is often credited to his friendship with Arshile Gorky. The energetic style of Gorkys painting has echoes in Jackson Pollocks drip paintings of the 1950s. Source Herrera, Hayden. Arshile Gorky: His Life and Work. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.

Sr-Rm-013 Network, Data, and Web Security - 2570 Words

SR-rm-013: Network, Data, and Web Security CMGT/441 June 18, 2012 Abstract Riordan Manufacturing conducts an information systems security review over IT security issues that exist in different plants to prepare for an upcoming audit in accordance to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Several elements of the organization s information systems require revisions and updates to optimize physical and network security, data security, and Web security. SR-rm-013: Network, Data, and Web Security The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), passed in July 2002, requires publicly traded companies to submit accurate and reliable financial information. Securing private information is not included in its requirements; however, establishing security controls†¦show more content†¦All plants still use hubs that need replacing with switches for added security and network scalability. The Pontiac plant still uses Cat 3 cables that may cause compatibility issues with newer network specifications and should be replaced with Cat 5e cables or better. If network cabling becomes incompatible with many specifications, this will cause issues with network components not providing the appropriate services and functions. The Albany plant uses cat 5 cables that currently still works well with other network devices, but may need updating to Cat 5e cables or better to keep up with newer network specifications. Updating each plant s network cabling to Cat 5e or better will allow the organization to implem ent improved network systems, such as Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Furthermore, each plant still use old operating systems, such as Windows 98 and Windows 2000 that do not benefit from the latest security updates. All outdated or legacy hardware and software must be replaced with new ones within each plant to ensure the availability, confidentiality, and integrity of information in Riordan Manufacturing. Data Security â€Å"The practice of keeping data protected from corruption and unauthorized access† is known as data security (SpamLaw, 2011). The focal point of data security is the protection ofShow MoreRelatedBSA 375 Complete Course1474 Words   |  6 Pagesa typical design document contains.    BSA 375week 2 Individual Assignment Service Request SR-rm-004, Part 1 Paper Individual Assignment: Service Request SR-rm-004, Part 1    The final individual paper for this class is comprised of three sections and due in Week Four. One section of the paper is due each week. Complete Section 1 of 3 for the final paper due in Week Four. Using the Service Request SR-rm-004, analyze HR system, and prepare a 4-6 page paper that accomplishes the following: DescribeRead More Project Portfolio Analysis Essay1839 Words   |  8 Pagesrequest. Any gaps in the sequence identify a project that was either rejected or does not require IT services. A review of the portfolio identified 4 categories which all projects align including Analysis Request, Core Systems and Integration, Network Related, and Process Tuning. Projects aligned with Analysis Request where Service Request 12, 13, and 15. Request 12 required an inventory of all current systems used by all business units of Riordan Manufacturing. A project of this nature wouldRead MorePaper on Physical Security4674 Words   |  19 PagesLearning Team B Riordan Manufacturing Service Request SR-rm-013 Michael Elion, Bill Dillavou, Heather Baldwin, Mike Grasvik University of Phoenix CMGT/441 Alexander Pons August 8, 2011 Learning Team B Riordan Manufacturing Service Request SR-rm-013 An important consideration of an information or operating system of a business or organization is to have a security system that protects information, data, and integrity of the company’s sensitive information and records. IfRead MoreAnalysis Of Welspun Corp Ltd. Essay9873 Words   |  40 PagesScientific Research Society’s NARMADA COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT - 737 (Approved by AICTE affiliated to Gujarat Technological University) ZADESHWAR, BHARUCH – 392011. Phone : (02642) 231466, 230595 Fax : (02642) 230595 E-Mail : ncmbharuch@rediffmail.com Web : www.ncmbharuch.org Institute s Certificate This Is Certified That Summer Internship Project Report Titled â€Å"Competitive Performance Analysis of Welspun Corp Ltd. vis-à  -vis Industry is the bonofied work of Miss. Mansi Kishorbhai Gohil (Enrollment-147370592041)

Hunting for Sport Essay Sample free essay sample

Since the morning of world. huntsmans have been about. Evidence shows that even crude Neanderthal. man’s ancient ascendants. would track down and kill wild quarry for nutrient. vesture. tools and much more. In American civilization hunting has ever been a manner of life. The Indians and America’s sires hunted to last. Now in the 21st century it is non viewed as a manner of life. but as a thirst for blood. Is it necessary. or as stated before. a thirst for blood? What most people do non cognize is that without it. the of all time increasing population of cervid and other animate beings could be environmentally lay waste toing. Hunting is good to prolonging carnal populations and commanding the jobs that overpopulation creates. Is runing truly necessary to command wildlife populations? That is one of the many inquiries asked by conservationists and animate being rights activists all over the universe. In an article in The Sciences. writer Wendy Marston negotiations about the lessening in huntsmans across the state. She found that merely six per centum of Americans Hunt today. down four per centum from a decennary ago. She says. â€Å"From an environmental point of position. unluckily that alteration has done more injury than good† ( Marston 12 ) . Animal overpopulation in some countries is destructing nature. In many countries of overpopulation. nutrient is going scarce and animate beings have started to eat endangered workss and other flora that they would usually non. Animals besides cause many jobs along the nation’s expresswaies and for many husbandmans. In an article in the U. S. News and World Report. writer Stephen Budiansky Tells of a similar state of affairs in Wisconsin. He says. â€Å"Rare orchids and the hardwood and hemlock woods have failed to reproduce for 50 years† ( Budiansky 85 ) . He tells about phytologist. William Alverson of the University of Wisconsin who has studied old growing woods in Wisconsin for many old ages. In his surveies. Alverson found that many of the trees failed to reproduce. When asked what was doing the job he stated. â€Å"The cervid merely eat up all the seedlings that emerge. The alterations due to deer are so slow that it’s non obvious to person drive by in a auto. but at the regional degree. hemlock woods are going rarer a nd rarer† ( Budiansky 85 ) . An illustration of what runing can make for this type of state of affairs is shown by looking at the Menominee Indian reserve in northern Wisconsin. It boasts of an extended hunting plan. They allow runing in and out of season which has held the cervid population to about eight cervids per square stat mi. compared to twenty per square stat mi in other woods and every bit much as 200 in some suburbs ( Budiansky 85 ) . Budiansky besides talks about the corn fields in Gettysburg National Military Park where they have tried to re-grow the corn fields. The job is that the corn fields neer make it past six inches tall ( Budiansky 85 ) . The cervid have become so legion in that country. that every bit shortly as the freshly grown maize starts to look out of the land. 100s of cervid are in the field basking a repast. Michael Tennessen. a author for National Parks. Tells about the increasing figure of moose in several of these national Parkss. Elk used to be spread throughout North America. When the European adventurers came to North America they slaughtered the moose for nutrient. leather. and athletics. The moose were wiped out in the country of Rocky National Park. Tennesse n tells how the moose populations have grown to what they are today. In 1913. 20 eight mooses were transported at that place from Yellowstone National Park. Now in Rocky Mountain National Park. the moose herd has grown from about 1. 000 in the 1960ss to about 3. 200 today. In Yellowstone National Park the moose herd has grown to about 30. 000 moose ( Tennessen 24 ) . In his article. Tennessen explains the cause of the dramatic addition in elk populations. In 1963. life scientist A. Starker Leopold. recommended that park wildlife be controlled by natural forces. Now one of the biggest issues is whether moose are overgrazing the country. Charles Kay. who is a professor of political scientific discipline at Utah State University. Tells about the consequence the moose have had on other animate beings. He says. â€Å"Beavers are ecologically nonextant in the Parkss. because of a deficiency of willow. aspen and cottonwood† ( Tennessen 26 ) . The moose are eating up all the premier beaver nutrient and dike edifice stuff. The turning populations have forced the moose to eat things they have neer needed to eat before. such as lodgepole pines in Yellowstone. The flora is going rare in some countries. taking off from the natural beauty of the park ( Tennessen 26 ) . John Haviland Tells of more jobs caused by the overpopulated moose herds. The Colorad o Division of Wildlife has received many menaces of cases for belongings harm caused by the moose. In one instance. a cow moose reportedly knocked over a roller skater and so walked all over her. Elk have besides broken into stallss. eaten hay and even gored some Equus caballuss. One adult male was killed when his auto struck an moose on the main road ( Haviland 24 ) . In the yesteryear. hunting and marauders were used to maintain carnal populations from turning excessively big. With the lessening of marauders inside the Parkss the moose herds rapidly reproduced. Tennessen tells about how elk Hunts outside the Parkss were relied on to thin the herds when the moose migrated for the winter. and how development has now prohibited many huntsmans from accessing the wintering moose ( Tennessen 27 ) . Now in the national Parkss. wolves have been reintroduced. Animal rights militants say that the wolves will thin the herds. Finally they will thin the herds. but it will take a long period of clip and does non assist the state of affairs now. With park biologists no longer experiencing they can trust on marauders to command elk populations the Parkss are sing decrease through hiting them ( Tennessen 27 ) . Budiansky besides tells about the cervid herds in Irondequoit. New York. The park and botanical garden in Irondequoit have been stripped bare of alien workss. The golf leafy vegetables are full of holes and about one 100 autos are damaged each twelvemonth. In 1978. the town functionaries banned runing in the country. The cervid so rapidly began to take over. Besides detrimental autos and workss. the estimated herd of about 500 cervid were easy hungering themselves by overpopulating the country. They had really low organic structure weight. small organic structure fat and hapless generative success. Lawrence Myers of the New York State section of Environmental Conservation said. â€Å"It merely got to the point where it was intolerable† ( Budiansky 86 ) . After the thought of killing the cervid was brought out into the populace. the Humane Society of the United States rapidly tried to hold it stopped. After the Humane Society was turned down in tribunal. constabulary officers w ere hired to transport out the shot. In 1993 they shot eighty cervid. The following twelvemonth every bit many as a 160 were shot. and many more are killed each twelvemonth to keep a balance of cervid and nutrient. Irondequoit is non the lone topographic point holding jobs with cervid being hit by cars. As an article in the Current Events provinces. â€Å"In one twelvemonth cervid caused more than 500. 000 car accidents in the U. S. entirely. doing about $ 2. 000 worth of harm each clip. † Farmers besides suffer from the overpopulated herds. Deer and other animate beings eat one million millions of dollars worth of fruit and harvests each twelvemonth ( To Hunt or Not to Hunt 3 ) . Peoples must fall in together to back up more hunting to thin the herds before they become a immense job. Another signifier of hunting. which has non gained every bit much promotion. is predator runing. The animal-rights militants say that marauders will thin the animate being herds. While cervid herds grow. they think that marauder populations are remaining the same. More cervid and elk mean more marauders. In his article. in the December issue of the Outdoor Life. writer Frank Miniter Tells of the demand for increased marauder hunting. Millions of dollars worth of farm animal are killed each twelv emonth by marauders. He found that in one twelvemonth entirely. cattle ranchers lost 69. 350 caput to prairie wolfs. That is a $ 21. 8 million dollar loss. Why are prairie wolfs so abundant? Harmonizing to Eric Gese. a life scientist at the National Wildlife Research Center. â€Å"It is due to the clang of pelt monetary values in the late 1970ss and the of all time increasing copiousness of game† ( Miniter 39 ) . With marauder Numberss increasing. brushs with worlds are besides increasing. In Miniters January issue in the Outdoor Life he tells about a miss who lived merely five stat mis from Disneyland. She was playing in a sandbox when she started to head back to her house for dinner. Along the manner. she walked close by some hedges and was all of a sudden attacked by a prairie wolf. After kicking and pluging the prairie wolf the miss was able to acquire the prairie wolf to go forth. The prairie wolf had bitten her several times. and had one bite on her leg been a small deeper it would hold severed her femoral arteria and she could hold bled to decease. After a closer expression. they found that the prairie wolf had been puting in the shrubs waiting for the right clip ( Miniter 49 ) . This history shows the of all time increasing figure of marauders in metropoliss due to overpopulation in the woods. Many non-hunters complain about the usage of traps in marauder hunting. They claim they are barbarous and inhumane. Across the state many professional huntsmans try and find a manner to kill the prairie wolf without pin downing them. Many manus held calls will work to seek to acquire the prairie wolf in close. but in some state of affairss the trap is the lone thing that will work. Miniter Tells of a battle on a Meleagris gallopavo farm where each dark a prairie wolf was acquiring in and killing about 50 birds a dark. They tried many different ways to catch the prairie wolf. They tried to name it in near with sounds of a deceasing animate being. but with no fortune. They eventually resorted to the trap and they set it in the lone topographic point they had found a path. The following twenty-four hours they caught the prairie wolf ( Miniters 40 ) . What people need to understand is that if the figure of marauders is non kept under control. the other animate beings that the marauders prey on will non be about much longer. Peoples can besides number on an addition of marauder onslaughts on worlds. In California. a measure passed through the legislature several old ages back. censoring all hunting of mountain king of beastss. Since the measure has passed. mountain king of beasts Numberss have rose dramatically. Each twelvemonth there are more and more onslaughts on campers. tramps and even joggers along the route. Many are fatal. There is a manner to acquire rid of this job. Controlled runing in certain countries would command the figure of mountain king of beastss and do it so they do non turn to worlds as a nutrient beginning. With the of all time increasing figure of cervid and moose. and marauders being seen in many metropoliss. the spread of Lyme disease has rose dramatically. In the Current Events it says that in one twelvem onth entirely. about 16. 000 Americans were infected with Lyme disease. Lyme disease can do painful concerns. and hurting and conceited articulations. The bacterium that causes Lyme disease is carried by ticks on cervid. and other animate beings which so spread it to pets until they eventually come into contact with worlds ( To Hunt or Not to Hunt 3 ) . With Numberss of Lyme disease lifting each twelvemonth due to the addition of cervid in metropoliss. the demand for runing is turning larger and larger. There are many other non-lethal signifiers of animate being control on the market. Budiansky writes of several of them. One manner is by pin downing and taking the animate beings. presuming that one can happen a portion of the wood which is non already overpopulated. The cost for this process is around $ 600 dollars per animate being. A 2nd manner is contraceptive method by surgical implants or immunisation. To be effectual. this process requires the intervention of at least 80 per centum of the full female population in the herd. The cost is between $ 500 to $ 1. 000 dollars per animate being. What is the easiest and most effectual manner. and besides the least painful and expensive? The reply is runing. With one well-placed shooting. the carnal feels nil. For each animate being shooting it costs around $ 200 dollars. The meat is so donated to charitable organisations to assist feed the needy ( Budiansky 86 ) . Many animate beings are overpopulating the countries in which they live. The nutrient is going really scarce in some countries. The animate beings are deceasing a slow and painful decease. The animate beings so move towards the metropoliss in hunt of nutrient and bring with them many jobs. Through runing these jobs can be eliminated. To command this population roar of animate beings. everyone must fall in together to advance more hunting. To guarantee the hereafter of wildlife people must take attention of them now through proper managed runing seasons. Plants Cited Budiansky. Stephen. â€Å"Deer. cervid everyplace. † U. S. News A ; World Report 117. 20 ( 1994 ) : 85. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 14 Apr. 2011.Haviland. John. â€Å"Elk on the Move. † Outdoor Life 209. 8 ( 2002 ) : HB2. Academic Search Premier.EBSCO. Web. 14 Apr. 2011.Marston. Wendy. â€Å"Deer Diary. † Sciences 38. 6 ( 1998 ) : 11. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO.Web. 14 Apr. 2011.Miniter. Frank. â€Å"The affaire dhonneur. † Outdoor Life 202. 5 ( 1998 ) : 38. Academic Search Premier.EBSCO. Web. 14 Apr. 2011.Miniter. Frank. â€Å"Preying on people. † Outdoor Life 203. 1 ( 1999 ) : 49. Academic SearchPremier. EBSCO. Web. 14 Apr. 2011.Tennessen. Michael. â€Å"What to make about moose. † National Parks 73. 1/2 ( 1999 ) : 22-27. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 14 Apr. 2011.â€Å"To Hunt or Not to Hunt † Current Events. 97. 3 ( 1997 ) : 2. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO.Web. 14 Apr. 2011.

Wit by Margaret Edson

The play ‘Wit’ by Margaret Edson presents Vivian as the main character. Vivian is a highly educated woman but unfortunately she suffers from cancer of the ovary. She attempts to use her academic qualifications to conceal the truth that she has cancer but she finally decides to face the truth. The aim of this paper is to present a critical analysis and interpretation of the play’s ending. In addition, the effect of the end of the play will also be discussed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Wit’ by Margaret Edson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As the play opens, Vivian is presented as a patient fully dressed in hospital attire. The disease has taken a great toll on her causing her to lose a lot of weight. When she is first informed of her condition, she does not exhibit any emotions, a fact that is attributed to her high academic qualifications. To Vivian, the news that she has cancer are not in any way shocking since she compares the situation with what she deals with on a daily basis in her work. She starts treatment with one of the doctors being her former student. The doctors intend to use her treatment for experimental purposes. Since Vivian is a professional, the idea of being used as an experimental tool does not present any difficult to her and she agrees to undergo the treatment without involving anybody else. She does not bother herself so much with the disease she is suffering from but decides to use much of her time in reading about it. To her, it requires the same attention she gives various areas of study in her field (Edson 9). In the course of the treatment, it is clear that Vivian is a woman full of strength. She openly states that she can confront problems instead of shying away from them. Her treatment introduces Susie and Jason who are supposed to take care of her though they have different characteristics. Jason is only interested in the experimental aspect of Vivian’s treatment while Susie is human. The condition of Vivian worsens after an overdose is administered to her. However, she still remains determined and comforts herself by saying that she is used to suffering. She uses her situation to show that it can be used as a source of academic articles (Park 1). Despite her will to fight till the end, Vivian’s health is seriously affected by the drugs towards the end of the play. The doctors are prepared to save her life and continue with their resuscitation efforts.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Susie, who is among the attendants of Vivian feels that the patient has suffered a lot and suggests that death, would be better. Vivian finally agrees that she is suffering from a dangerous disease and gets afraid. She finally comes to a realization that wit and intellect are not enough to guar antee human beings life (Park 1). As the play nears the end, the author brings out isolation as one of the major themes. Isolation is a condition in which an individual does not want to be in close association with others. Although this theme comes out clearly towards the end, it runs throughout the entire play. Vivian is suffering from a medical condition but she constantly denies it and says it is a condition that requires academic research. When she goes to the hospital, she refuses to be accompanied by relatives or family friends. The interpretation is that isolation is harmful as Vivian learns at the end. Wit is a play that tells the story of a professor who becomes a victim of cancer of the ovary. The professor is too concerned with her academic professionalism such that she denies her condition. She lives a life of isolation but as the play ends, she discovers that social relations are important in human life. The message in the play is that social relations are helpful in s ituations of need. Works Cited Edson, Margaret. Wit. New York, NY: Nick Hern Books, 2002. Print Park, Brent. Wit. 2002. Web. This essay on ‘Wit’ by Margaret Edson was written and submitted by user Amir Kaufman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Profile of George Washington Plunkitt, Politican

Profile of George Washington Plunkitt, Politican George Washington Plunkitt was a  Tammany Hall politician who wielded clout in New York City for decades. He amassed a fortune by engaging in various schemes which he always claimed had been honest graft. When collaborating  on an eccentric book about his career in 1905 he brazenly defended his long and complicated career in machine politics. And he suggested his own epitaph, which became famous:  He seen his opportunities and he took em.   During Plunkitts political career he held a variety of patronage jobs. He boasted of having held four government jobs in one year, which included a particularly prosperous stretch when he was paid for three jobs simultaneously. He also held elected office in the New York State assembly until his steady seat there was taken from him on a very violent primary election day in 1905. After Plunkitt died at the age of 82 on November 19,  1924, the New York Times published three substantial articles about him within four days. The newspaper essentially reminisced about the era when Plunkitt, generally seated on a bootblack stand in a courthouse lobby, dispensed political advice and handed out favors to loyal supporters. There have been skeptics who claimed that Plunkitt greatly exaggerated his own exploits and that his political career was not nearly as flamboyant as he later claimed. Yet theres no doubt he had extraordinary connections in the world of New York politics. And even Plunkitt exaggerated the details, the stories he told of political influence and how it worked was very close to the truth. Early Life The New York Times headline announcing Plunkitts death noted that he had been born on Nannys Goats Hill. That was a nostalgic reference to a hill that would eventually be within Central Park, near West 84th Street. When Plunkitt was born on November 17,  1842, the area was  essentially a shanty town. Irish immigrants lived in poverty, in ramshackle conditions in what was largely a wilderness far removed from the growing city farther south in Manhattan.   Growing up in a rapidly transforming city, Plunkitt  went to public school. In his teens, he worked as a butchers apprentice. His employer helped him start his own  business as a butcher at Washington Market in lower Manhattan (the sprawling market along the Hudson River was the future site of many office buildings including the World Trade Center). He later went into the construction business, and according to his obituary in the New York Times, Plunkitt built many of the docks on Manhattans Upper West Side. Political Career First elected to the New York State Assembly in 1868, he also served as an alderman in New York City. In 1883 he was elected to the New York State Senate. Plunkitt became a power broker within Tammany Hall, and for nearly 40 years was the undisputed boss of the 15th Assembly District, a heavily Irish bastion  on Manhattans West Side. His time in politics coincided with the era of Boss Tweed, and later Richard Croker. And even if Plunkitt  later exaggerated his own importance, theres no doubt  he had witnessed some remarkable times.   He was eventually defeated in a primary election in 1905 which was marked by violent eruptions at the polls. After that, he essentially retreated from day-to-day politics. Yet he still kept a public profile as a constant presence in government buildings in lower Manhattan, telling stories and regaling a circle of acquaintances. Even in retirement, Plunkitt would stay involved with Tammany Hall. Every four years he was appointed to make the travel arrangements as New York politicians traveled by train to the Democratic National Convention. Plunkitt was a fixture at the conventions and was deeply disappointed when ill health a few months before his death prevented him from attending the 1924 convention.   Plunkitts Fame In the late 1800s, Plunkitt became quite wealthy by habitually buying up land which he knew the city government would eventually need to buy for some purpose. He justified what he did as being honest graft. In Plunkitts view, knowing something was going to happen and capitalizing on it was not corrupt in any way. It was simply smart. And he openly bragged about it. Plunkitts openness about the tactics of machine politics became legendary. And in 1905 a newspaperman, William L. Riordon, published a book Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, which was essentially a series of monologues in which the old politician, often hilariously, expounded on his life and his theories of politics.  His lively accounts of how the Tammany machine operated may not have been well-documented, but they give a solid sense of what it must have been like it New York City politics in the late 1800s. He always steadfastly defended his own political style and the workings of Tammany Hall. As Plunkitt put it: So, you see, these fool critics don’t know what they’re talkin’ about when they criticize Tammany Hall, the most perfect political machine on earth. Sources George W. Plunkitt Dies At 82 Years, New York Times, 20 Nov. 1924, p 16. Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, New York Times, 20 Nov. 1924, p. 22. Plunkitt, Champion of Honest Graft, New York Times, 23 Nov. 1924, p. 177.

ethnic studies essays

ethnic studies essays America is a land often depicted for its freedoms and opportunities that one so hopefully desires to experience but when you take away the sugar coated deceptions of our beautiful America you get a life time of hate, endless sacrifices and many obstacles that minorities had to overcome to be accepted as an American. After the Civil War and during World War II their were many minorities that paved the way for others but in my opinion the two most recognized ethnic groups that were able to improve their political, social and economic positions within the United States history were African Americans and Native American people. In this essay I will discuss the Native Americans, African Americans as well as two articles in which, I gained very insightful knowledge from and show how all these works has made our America the home it has become today. Over the past hundred years are so, America has shown a great deal of discrimination against African American people. It first started when Africans were taken against their will and put on ships to be sent to America to become slaves for rich Caucasian people. Caucasians gave African Americans little or no rights and had many African Americans doing daily task such as, picking cotton, cooking, cleaning, babysitting, sewing and etc. After a while African American people began to realize that the treatment they were receiving was cruel, usual and violated their freedoms of being human beings. When the Civil War first started around 1939, many African Americans took part in the fight; because they wanted to be free from slavery but to get there they had overcome many hardships to accomplish their goals. After the Civil War everything changed politically, socially and economically. African Americans had the opportunity to become self-employed by owning their own land and running the ir own farms, instead of their masters plantation. They were also being paid by wages now. Slavery also became il...

The effects of interest rate volatilities on the demand of Turkish Essay

The effects of interest rate volatilities on the demand of Turkish money - Essay Example This study aims to look at, particularly the possessions of interest rate volatilities in case of Turkey along with customary factors influencing the demand for money. Because the raise in interest rate volatility is probable to lead structural variations in the formation of behavioral dealings which defines economic sector. It will also really influence the demand for cash. Other than, it must be strained here that the nominal interest rate contains two parts: Expected rate of inflation and an expected real rate of return. Interest rate volatility is a very important factor in determining a healthy monetary policy for the economy. It is important to identify the factors that create the demand for money. The period of 1990s saw the banking sector in Turkey highly dominated by public banks, which were inefficient in its activities. The Turkish bank sector had a large number of serious discrepancies and deficiencies such as large risks in foreign currency, interest rates and liquidity in the banking sector. During the decided investigation period of 1990-2000s, the increase in GDP was only 2.5 per cent in Turkey. The banking sector in Turkey was deficient of good governance and the economic environment in which the banks existed brought severe economic losses to the bank. â€Å"The credits-to-total assets ratio declined from 47 percent to 32.8 percent between 1990 and 2000†. There was also a decrease of around 50 – 80% in the credits to deposit ratio in the Turkish banks. The Turkish banking sector was regulated and supervised by the coordination and cooperation of two authorities, the treasury and the central bank of Turkey. â€Å"Turkish Bank Ltd is authorized and regulated by the Financial Services Authority† (Turkish Bank n.d.). During this financial period, the Turkish banks financed public deficits due to very high real interest rates, which were charged by the banks. The high volatility in the interest rates also had its consequence on the demand of money in the Turkish economy. It is important to identify the determinant, which increases the demand for money in the economy in order to create and conduct a healthy monetary policy which suits the Turkish economy. The increase in interest rate volatility is accompanied by an effect in demand for money. Investigating the determinant of the demand for money is significant to make and conduct a healthy financial policy, which is directly connected to whole economy. For instance, a factor that raises the demand for cash may unfavorably affect financial performance by rising velocity of money and nominal income circulation. This study aims to look at, particularly the possessions of interest rate volatilities in case of Turkey along with customary factors influencing the demand for mo

Engage with the topic of Pleistocene Re-wilding Essay

Engage with the topic of Pleistocene Re-wilding - Essay Example ies we know today came about as a result of evolution of mega carnivores and herbivores and therefore biodiversity is not what it is without this segment of megafauna. The plan to re-wild America is therefore the most suitable way out of total extinction of these species because even as debate is being generated on this move, more large vertebrates from Asia and Africa are constantly finding homes in America in the form of zoos and private reserves (Donlan, 913). It is estimated that there are more Asian tigers in America that in the wild. The process of re-wilding North America has in fact started and all that is left is to move these animals in captivity to the free world of the US landscapes. The success of this process will be founded on the following tenets: That human beings have a natural attraction to megafauna which the explanation to why San Diego’s Wild Animal Park receives 1.5 million visits annually much more than the total number of visits to US national parks that are homes to rodent and other small animal species (Donlan, 914). Releasing the captured animals couples with their relationship with the American ecosystem given t heir extinct ancestors roamed the American plains is enough reason to get the process of re-wilding started. Wild Bactrian camels that are currently facing extinction in the Gobi desert had their ancestors, Camelops, originate from North America and therefore taking them back home to America would rescue this species from total extinction. Another basis is that, even with the surging world human population, regions of Southwest America that are the possible home of these re-introduced species are experiencing population decline providing sufficient room for the megafuna to roam and reproduce. As the custodians of world heritage, the human race is ethically bound to ensure large vertebrate are not extinct and this responsibility, coupled with the potential economic and biological benefits that come with re-wilding, provides

The British involvement Essay Example for Free

The British involvement Essay During the early stages of the airlift, the British committed around 150 C-47 Dakotas and 40 Avro Yorks to the cause of the airlift. The Dakotas and the Yorks were reinforced by 10 Short Sunderland and Short Hythe flying boats in July. By July 18, the Royal Air Force planes were already airlifting more than 5,000 tons of assorted supplies of goods every day. The flying boats were specifically used in transporting bulk salt because salt would have proven too corrosive when loaded in the other types of planes being used in the airlift. They were flying to the Havel river from their starting point at the Elbe near Hamburg. Sometime in November 1948, the British airlift fleet was further reinforced by several Handley Page Hastings aircraft. The Royal Air Force was able to land 100,000 tons of assorted supplies in Berlin by mid-December (Berlin Blockade). The Negotiations During the early days of the airlift, the allied forces were worried that it might eventually fail. So as an alternative, ambassadors from the Allied countries decided to negotiate with Stalin. During the negotiations, Stalin demanded that the Allies withdraw their Deutschmark and replaced by the eastern zone’s Ostmark. In addition, Stalin demanded that the future of Germany should again be taken up. However, the emissaries from the Allied camp told him that although they were open to negotiation as far as the issue of the currency was concerned, the future of Germany or specifically the creation of a West German state was non-negotiable. However, Stalin did not give in to the Allied demands because he sincerely believed that the Berlin Blockade would succeed and force the allies to negotiate. Even the United Nations attempted to mediate between the two camps to no avail (Wilde). However, although the airlift continued to be a success, Clay still saw a potential danger. He expressed his desire for a continued thrust towards achieving a diplomatic solution to the Berlin problem. According to him, the airlift would only â€Å"add to the prestige of the Western Powers as long as diplomatic avenues to gain a settlement continued. † His view was shared by Dean Acheson of the State Department. In fact, the State Department was already exercising an initiative of its own without informing even Clay in Germany about it for security reasons. The State Department initiative was anchored on Stalin’s remark which he made to Kingsbury Smith concerning the possibility of lifting the blockade. Based on said remark, a State Department initiative was started through private channels without the knowledge of the American officials in Berlin. It was also hidden from the French and British. Only President Truman, Dean Acheson, and selected officials of the Department of State knew of the initiative (Giangreco and Griffin [a]). Acheson chose Philip Jessup, then deputy chief of the United States Mission to the United Nations in New York to serve as his private channel. Jessup was given the instruction of discreetly contacting Jacob Malik, the United Nations representative of the USSR, and ask him whether â€Å"Stalin’s omission of the Berlin currency problem in his answer to Smith was significant. † The first contact between the two men took place on February 15, 1949, and after only a month, Malik informed Jessup that the omission was â€Å"not accidental. † Based on this response, discreet inquiries followed between the two men. They discussed the possible conditions that would influence Stalin to lift the blockade. According to Malik, a possible condition would be if a meeting of a Council of Foreign Ministers could be definitely scheduled for the purpose of discussing the German question in its entirety (Giangreco and Griffin [a]). Aside from the Jessup-Malik negotiation, several negotiations of critical importance were also going on during the early part of 1949. One of these concerned the pact creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). When the NATO pact was ready for signature, the foreign ministers of Great Britain and France went to Washington sometime during the first week of April, 1949 for the signing ceremony. It was only then and there that they were informed of the discussion which was taking place between Jessup and Malik. The two foreign ministers then gave their authority to Jessup to speak for their behalf. On April 5, Jessup advised Malik that the governments of the United States, Great Britain, and France were aware that their secret discussions only concerned two points. The first is the â€Å"simultaneous lifting of the blockade and counterblockade† imposed by the western powers. The other is the fixing of the Council of Foreign Ministers’ meeting aimed at discussing the German problem. However, Jessup also informed Malik that the preparations being made by the three countries for the creation of a West German state would not be postponed or suspended before the meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers could be held (Giangreco and Griffin [a]). On April 8, the Western Powers issued a communique concerning their agreement with regards the creation of West German state. Two days after this, Jessup was informed by Malik that it was the understanding of the USSR that the West German state would not be created â€Å"before or during the scheduled Council of Foreign Ministers meeting. † However, Jessup was instructed to reject as diplomatically as possible the interpretation of the USSR. However, part of his instruction was to inform Malik that if the USSR acted quickly, the provisional West German state could not yet be established before the meeting of the council, explaining that several steps would have to be taken before such a state could be established (Giangreco and Griffin [a]). The negotiation between Jessup and Malik continued throughout the last week of April. However, flare-ups occurred which threatened the diplomatic settlement to lift the blockade. For instance, the British wanted â€Å"specificity regarding the restrictions to be lifted and written agreement on Western Power access to Berlin. † The United States, on the other hand, with the support of the French, wanted the issuance of a â€Å"broad statement on lifting restrictions and silence on access. † The Americans did not want to be specific because of the experience of the Military Governor whose negotiation with the Russians during the early part of September of 1948 bogged down because of his insistence of specifics. After being made to understand of this risk, the British finally agreed to do away with the specifics (Giangreco and Griffin [a]).

Excessive Suspension of Disbelief: Raymond Jeans La Lectrice Essay

Excessive Suspension of Disbelief: Raymond Jean's La Lectrice When I begin a class in fiction or poetry, I always talk for a few minutes about the various purposes of literature: escape, didactic, and interpretive. I tell my students that escape literature is a wonderful way to forget our problems for a while (less dangerous than drugs, alcohol, careless sex, or driving), but that escape literature can be harmful if one expects one's personal life to be as exciting, successful, or romantic as that in escape fiction. As Meg Ryan's friend says to her in Sleepless in Seattle, "You don't want to be in love. You want to be in love in a movie." Thus my title, "Excessive Suspension...." In The Literary Work of Art (1931, trans. 1965), Roman Ingarden analyses the layers of meaning he beleves exist within a work of fiction. His theories were popularized by Renà © Wellek in Theory of Literature (Wellek and Warren). Ingarden identifies four strata. The first is the sound stratum, which he defines as "the stratum of word sounds and phonetic formations of various orders: the second is "the stratum of units of meaning of various orders and phonetic formations of various orders"; the third includes objects represented in the "world" of the novelist, which he defines as "the stratum of manifold schematized aspects and aspect continua and series" (Literary Work of Art, 30); and the fourth includes the stratum of represented objectivities and their vicissitudes" or the world as it "is seen from a particular viewpoint." As Ingarden complains in his preface to his second edition, Wellek had erroneously added a fifth layer, that of metaphysical qualities, which include "the tragic, the terrible, [and] the holy." Ingarden argues th... ...s read and view and how those fictions shape us. La Lectrice is a testimony to the power a written text may have-that even a single reading experience may permanently change a reader's life. But, most of all, La Lectrice is great fun. But, as the policeman cautions the lectrice, "Reading is fine, but look where it leads. When you read a book, anything can happen." Works Cited Ingarden, Roman. The Literary Work of Art. Trans. George G. Grabowicz. Evanston: Northwestern UP, 1973. From Das literarisch Kunstwerk. Tà ¼bingen: Max Neimeyer Vertag, 1965. -----. The Cognition of Literary Work of Art. Trans. George G. Grabowicz. Evanston: Northwestern UP, 198. From Von Erkennen des literarisch Kunstwerk. Tà ¼bingen: Max Neimeyer Vertag, 1973. Deville, Michel, dir. La Lectrice (film). Elefilm, 1988. Jean [Kermer], Raymond, La Lectrice (novel). Editions J'ai lu, 1986.

Wealth and Power in the United States

Wealth and Power in the United States Hugo Lindgren Chief Editor New York Time Magazine [email  protected] com This letter is to inform the public of how social class division is related to the concentration of wealth in the United States and support the need to redistribute wealth in America. Today our communities are divided by social class poor citizens live in poor areas of the community while citizens who make more money live in better areas of the community. Social class determines a great deal about citizens circumstances.Circumstances like education, health care, shelter, food and clothing. Generally the wealthiest or privileged citizens only associate themselves with other citizens who are in the same social class. The same concept comes into play with the middle, working and poor class. Today the top 1 percent is increasing in wealth while the middle and working class are decreasing. This inequality of wealth in America is becoming more and more of a problem for the middl e and working class. Wealth is the positive value of what a citizen owns. For example if a citizen owns a house the bank ay own half of the house until the loan is paid off but whatever the value is of the other half is how much wealth the citizen has from the house. Redistribution of wealth is raising taxes on citizens that have already made it to provide relief for the ones who haven’t. The Class theories best describes the distribution of wealth because it breaks down how the wealth is broken up amongst citizens of the United States. The rich have done much better than the middle or working class. The Top 1 percent had 22. 9 percent of national income in 2006 a number that hasn’t been matched since 1929 said CBS News Jeff Green inAmerica’s Class Warfare. While a citizen from the top 1 percent has already achieved success, wealth and power. The middle and working class has not and with a constant increase in cash flow for the wealthy and a constant decrease in cash flow for the less fortunate come a concern for those in public office. President Obama proposes lowering taxes for the less fortunate and a small increase for the citizens who have achieved success with wealth and power. However, other Officials have opposed President Obama’s approach to redistributing wealth.Mitt Romney stated â€Å"I think it’s about envy, I think it’s about class warfare When you have a president encouraging the idea of dividing America based on 99 percent vs. 1 percent those people who have been most successful will be in the 1 percent you’ve opened up a whole new wave of approach to this country which is entirely inconsistent with concept of one nation under god†. President Obama insists that by helping others will spread the wealth by having the rich pay a little more taxes so the middle class receive a tax credit because the middle class needs it most (Obama, 08).President Obama stated â€Å"I believe in redistributio n at least at a certain level to make sure that everybody’s got a shot† Everyone has the chance to maintain a roof over their heads and send their kids to college. Everybody that works hard can make it. Social class segregation is visible in all 52 states of America. Upper, middle and working classes have their own geographical residential areas within communities. Ethnic segregation begins within the social class groups because the majority of working and poor classes of Americans are minorities. The high class and elites are mostly white Americans.Therefore, geographically America is in fact more divided by this social class system. In 2006 10 percent of whites have been recorded as being below the poverty line while 24 percent of blacks remain below the poverty line (Harrison & Dye, 2010). In 2010 the top 1 percent had a 35. 4 percentage over the bottom 80 percent with 11. 1 percent of total net worth (Domhoff, 2005). However, it is this system that provides Amer ica with the unique opportunity that people from all over the world are drawn to. The fact that in America if you work hard and play by the rules you can reap he rewards by becoming successful and climbing up the social class ladder. Power in America is achieving higher education, owning property, financial freedom, maintaining a good credit. Power is measured by materialistic items such as expensive cars, jewelry, clothing, electronics, Vacations. It was William Thompson who said â€Å"Our position in the social hierarchy affects our health, happiness, and even how long we will live† (Thompson, 2005) Reference Harrison, B, C &Dye, T. R. (2011) Power and society: An introduction to the social sciences (12th Edition) Boston, Ma G.William Domhoff, September, 2005 retrieved October 15 2012 from http://www2. ucsc. Edu /who rules america/power/wealth. html Jeff Green (2006) America’s Class Warfare retrieved October 15 2012 form http:// www. youtube. Com /watch? v=bGS2G7 9IxTc&feature=fvst Mitt Romney Quote retrieved October 15, 2012 from http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=5wtLKcAU4wQ Barrack Obama Retrieved October 15, 2012 from http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=BRPbCSSXyp0 Obama Loyola University, C-SPAN October 19, 1998. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=z0PUUpa5X4E William Thompson, Joseph Hickey, Society in Focus, 2005

How to encourage employees accepting the change? Essay

Change can be a good thing for both the company and its employees; however, sometimes it can be very difficult for the employees to accept the sudden change in their daily routine for many different reasons. As a supervisor, my job is to reduce that resistance by choosing the right way introducing the change; explaining why it is necessary to take such a move, and how can it beneficial. Make them understand the reasons for this change and get them involved into discussions; let them share their ideas, ask for suggestions, what is that their looking for in their workplace, encourage innovation, and excite them about the new routine. Most of the employees are more likely resisting change because of the fear of the unknown; increased workload for example, or different new staff to work with, so basically they don’t want to start all over from zero. Due to that fact, MLC has thought of new ideas to reduce its employees’ stress over the increased work. Consequently, it has signed a contract with 10 different international restaurants to visit the new branch in Isa town every week; therefore, employees will enjoy the variety of food offered weekly. Also, it can be a great way for the old employees to break the ice and bond their relationship with the new employees’ during their lunch break in the company. Moreover, moving from Manama to Isa town can cause some employees’ further way to travel. Hence, MLC has provided its employees’ an advanced parking area, which uses the system of an automatic car parking. Therefore, employees’ won’t waste time and effort looking for a car park. Additional to that, MLC now owns private, modern, new busses offering its employees free bus transportations, especially for those who don’t own a private car, take taxies to work, or any other employee who would take advantage of this new facility. So, bus drivers will be clued-up with a list of names of registered employees with their contact number and home addresses to pick them up from their home to work.

Domestication History of Chickens (Gallus domesticus)

Domestication History of Chickens (Gallus domesticus) The history of chickens (Gallus domesticus) is still a bit of a puzzle. Scholars agree that they were first domesticated from a wild form called red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), a bird that still runs wild in most of southeast Asia, most likely hybridized with the gray junglefowl (G. sonneratii). That occurred probably about 8,000 years ago. Recent research suggests, however, there may have been multiple other domestication events in distinct areas of South and Southeast Asia, southern China, Thailand, Burma, and India. Since the wild progenitor of chickens is still living, several studies have been able to examine the behaviors of wild and domestic animals. Domesticated chickens are less active, have fewer social interactions with other chickens, are less aggressive to would-be predators, are less susceptible to stress, and are less likely to go looking for foreign food sources than their wild counterparts. Domestic chickens have increased adult body weight and simplified plumage; domestic chicken egg production starts earlier, is more frequent, and produces larger eggs. Chicken Dispersals Chickens, Chang Mai, Thailand. David Wilmot The earliest possible domestic chicken remains are from the Cishan site (~5400 BCE) in northern China, but whether they are domesticated is controversial. Firm evidence of domesticated chickens isnt found in China until 3600 BCE. Domesticated chickens appear at Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley by about 2000 BCE and from there the chicken spread into Europe and Africa. Chickens arrived in the Middle East starting with Iran at 3900 BCE, followed by Turkey and Syria (2400–2000 BCE) and into Jordan by 1200 BCE. The earliest firm evidence for chickens in east Africa are illustrations from several sites in New Kingdom Egypt. Chickens were introduced into western Africa multiple times, arriving at Iron Age sites such as Jenne-Jeno in Mali, Kirikongo in Burkina Faso and Daboya in Ghana by the mid-first millennium CE. Chickens arrived in the southern Levant about 2500 BCE and in Iberia about 2000 BCE. Chickens were brought to the Polynesian islands from Southeast Asia by Pacific Ocean sailors during the Lapita expansion, about 3,300 years ago. While it was long assumed that chickens had been brought to the Americas by the Spanish conquistadors, presumably pre-Columbian chickens have been identified at several sites throughout the Americas, most notably at the site of El Arenal-1 in Chile, ca 1350 CE. Chicken Origins: China? Two long-standing debates in chicken history still remain at least partially unresolved. The first is the possible early presence of domesticated chickens in China, prior to dates from southeast Asia; the second is whether or not there are pre-Columbian chickens in the Americas. Genetic studies in the early 21st century first hinted at multiple origins of domestication. The earliest archaeological evidence to date is from China about 5400 BCE, in geographically widespread sites such as  Cishan  (Hebei province, ca 5300 BCE), Beixin  (Shandong province, ca 5000 BCE), and Xian (Shaanxi province, ca 4300 BCE). In 2014, a few studies were published supporting the identification of early chicken domestication in northern and central China (Xiang et al.). However, their results remain controversial. A 2016 study by Chinese bioanthropologist Masaki Eda  and colleagues of 280 bird bones reported as chicken from Neolithic and Bronze age sites in northern and central China found that only a handful could securely be identified as chicken. German archaeologist Joris Peters and colleagues (2016) looked at environmental proxies in addition to other research and concluded that the habitats conducive to jungle fowl were simply not present early enough in China to allow for the domestication practice to have taken place. These researchers suggest that chickens were a rare occurrence in northern and Central China, and thus probably an import from southern China or Southeast Asia where evidence of domestication is stronger.   Based on those findings, and despite the fact that southeast Asian progenitor sites have not as yet been identified, a northern Chinese domestication event separate from that of southern China and Southeast Asia does not seem likely. Pre-Columbian Chickens in America In 2007, American archaeologist Alice Storey and colleagues identified what appeared to be chicken bones at the site of El-Arenal 1 on Chiles coast, in a context dated before the 16th-century medieval Spanish colonization, ca. 1321–1407 cal CE. The discovery is considered evidence of pre-Columbian contact of South America by Polynesian sailors, still a somewhat controversial notion in American archaeology. However, DNA studies have provided genetic support, in that chicken bones from el-Arenal contain a haplogroup which has been identified at Easter Island, which was founded by Polynesians around 1200 CE. The founding mitochondrial DNA cluster identified as Polynesian chickens includes A, B, E, and D. Tracing sub-haplogroups, Portuguese geneticist Agusto Luzuriaga-Neira and colleagues have identified one found only in eastern Asia and one from Easter Island. The presence of the sub-haplotype E1a(b) in both Easter Island and el-Arenal chickens is a key piece of genetic evidence supporting the pre-Columbian presence of Polynesian chickens on the coast of South America. Additional evidence suggesting precolumbian contact between South Americans and Polynesians has been identified, in the form of ancient and modern DNA of human skeletons in both locations. Currently, it seems likely that the chickens at el-Arenal were brought there by Polynesian sailors. Sources Dodson, John, and Guanghui Dong. What Do We Know About Domestication in Eastern Asia? Quaternary International 426 (2016): 2-9. Print.Eda, Masaki, et al. Reevaluation of Early Holocene Chicken Domestication in Northern China. Journal of Archaeological Science 67 (2016): 25-31. Print.Fallahsharoudi, Amir, et al. Genetic and Targeted Eqtl Mapping Reveals Strong Candidate Genes Modulating the Stress Response During Chicken Domestication. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 7.2 (2017): 497-504. Print.Là ¸tvedt, Pia, et al. Chicken Domestication Changes Expression of Stress-Related Genes in Brain, Pituitary . Neurobiology of Stress 7.Supplement C (2017): 113-21. Print.and AdrenalsLuzuriaga-Neira, A., et al. On the Origins and Genetic Diversity of South American Chickens: One Step Closer. Animal Genetics 48.3 (2017): 353-57. Print.Peters, Joris, et al. Holocene Cultural History of Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus Gallus) and Its Domestic Descendant in East Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews 142 (2016): 102-1 9. Print. Pitt, Jacqueline, et al. New Perspectives on the Ecology of Early Domestic Fowl: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 74 (2016): 1-10. Print.Zhang, Long, et al. Genetic Evidence from Mitochondrial DNA Corroborates the Origin of Tibetan Chickens. PLOS ONE 12.2 (2017): e0172945. Print.

Michael Strahan on the power of working hard

Michael Strahan on the power of working hard Nobody knows more about hard work than an NFL Hall of Famer. Okay, maybe an NFL Hall of Famer who built an equally-successful second career as a television personality, and launched several lucrative companies. Michael Strahan’s professional versatility means that his advice can likely be applied to whatever goal you’ve set for yourself. So listen up. [Source: Daily Fuel]

Management accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management accounting - Research Paper Example $120 + $6.50 = $126.50 * 500 = $63,250 (Total cost) Total sales for purchased hard drives = 500 * $154.00 = $77,000 Total profit generated from purchased hard drives = $77,000 - $63,250 = $13,750 If Malibu Systems Inc. concentrates on the ZEON hard drives market, it could make an annual profit of ($13,750 + $216,125) $229,875. By producing manufacture memory chips, Malibu Systems Inc. can sell up to 3,500 memory chips per year at a price of $65.00. Annual sales - $227,500. Production costs – $62.25 * 3,500 = $217,875 Profit generated from production and sales of memory chips – ($227,500 – $217,875) = $9,625 Production of memory chips for Malibu Systems Inc. is not a brilliant idea to invest in because it gives lower profit margins than production of Zeon hard drives. Part 2: Contribution Margin per Unit for; Purchased ZEON hard drives Contribution The formula for determining contribution is the sale price minus variable costs (Eisen 2007, 35). Selling price for e ach ZEON hard drive that has been purchased $154.00 per hard drive The variable cost incurred $0.85 per hard drive Contribution margin ($154 – $0.85) = $153.15 Manufactured ZEON hard drives Contribution Selling price for

How has commercialisation affected professional football since the Essay

How has commercialisation affected professional football since the formation of the premier league and what effect has this had on the average fan - Essay Example d the 1980s witnessed England entering into a rather novice phase marked by lack of commercial enterprising on the part of sponsors and top brass of soccer administrators. In fact European football in general followed a downward curve during these two decades (King 59). Several key factors were responsible for this lean period in the history of English soccer. These factors ranged from societal issues to lack of technical adroitness. However, the Premier soccer League teemed with the very best from the global arena and players from all continents signed for various clubs featuring in the League (Storey 108), thus turning English club football into an action-packed display of power and dynamism. The focal point of this paper is going to be the period following the formation of the English Premier League, during which the entire skeleton of English soccer underwent a drastic change in terms of growing commercialisation and corporate professionalism. The paper will also discuss the relative position of British soccer in the larger framework of world football in the last two decades. The charm of English soccer ebbed away following the series of poor performances by the national soccer team in FIFA World Cups after their historic win over West Germany in the 1966 version of the premier title. It was imperative for the administrators and players alike to bring people back to where they could relate themselves to. However, due to a pervasive sense of hopelessness prevailing among the average followers of the sport, the task was not an easy one. Moreover, hooliganism was on the rise in the 1980s both on English soil and outside (Dunning and Malcolm 101). In fact English football had earned a notorious distinction of promoting hooliganism across Europe and other soccer playing countries (Bloom and Willard 306). Political reasons also came into contention in this regard as some of the earlier events in the annals of world history were believed to have contributed to the

Did Oracle's purchase of Sun Microsystems increase HP's and Dell's Essay

Did Oracle's purchase of Sun Microsystems increase HP's and Dell's interest in 3Par (company). Explain - Essay Example This made it the direct competitor of companies like IBM (which was already its competitor before this acquisition), HP, CISCO and Dell. One of the major benefits of acquiring Sun has been the entry of its Java programming language as well as the Solaris operating system in the possession list of Oracle. This is an important platform for much of Oracle’s work (Goodwin 2009). Oracle has also now entered the hardware segment of the industry. It can now package its software products with Sun’s hardware to help boost sales which is a direct competition to IBM and HP. Dell is also aiming to achieve such integrated solutions for its customers. Sun’s MySQL database has provided further strength to Oracle. This will help the company expand the number of users that utilize Oracle database products. This is true especially from the point of view of entry into the small-to-midsize businesses where it had a significantly low presence (Schiff 2009). With the ownership of Sunà ¢â‚¬â„¢s StarOffice through this acquisition, Oracle can now even attack the laptop/desktop market which will be a direct threat to the MS office application of Microsoft (Schiff 2009).

\Yale University Investment Essay Example for Free

\Yale University Investment Essay Summary: The Case is about the decision of the Yale Investments Office whether to continue to allocate the bulk of the universitys endowment to illiquid investmentshedge funds, private equity, real estate, and so forth. Important is to consider the risks and benefits of a different asset allocation strategy. Before the choice between different subclasses, e.g., between venture capital and leveraged buyout funds would be analyzed it is advantageous to get first background information. Effective management of a university endowment requires balancing fundamentally competing objectives. On the one hand, the University requires immediate proceeds to support the current generation of scholars. On the other hand, investment managers must consider the needs of generations to come. In order to understand the behavior of the Yale University would be a view thrown in the past helpful. In the 20th Century the growth of the Yale endowment was accelerated rapidly due to enormous bequests and big investments in equity. In 1930 equities represented 42% of the Yale endowment this was in comparison to other universities (11%) very high. Because of the Great Depression severe erosion of its endowment was avoided in 1930, but in the end of this decade reduced a treasurer of Yale the share of equities. The reason was that higher taxes expropriate profits. He assumed that bonds better perform than stocks. For the next two decades, treasurer selected individual bonds high yield or income orientated stocks for the portfolio. In the 1950s and 1960s this strategy was less useful for the bull market so they had to change their policy. First Yale decided to increase substantially the university ´s exposure to equity investments and second Yale decided to contract out much of the Portfolio Management function to an external adviser. The plan was the external company Endowment Management Research Corporation (EMR) would function as a quasi-independent external firm would be free to recruit additional clients. At the same time Yale would be its largest client and would have priority over other clients. But the expectations were not realized. So in 1979 due to the plummet of the inflation-adjusted Endowment value by 46%, terminated Yale its relationship with EMR. They followed working with a variety of external advises in its envolving asset management framework. Now, David Swensen was in 1985  hired to the Head of Yales ´s Investment Office and the whole Investment Committee consists of a well-diversified team. Besides Yale could develop its investment philosophy from 5 principles. These are the principles: 1). Strong believe in equities. Equities are a claim on areal stream of income while the bonds have low expected returns but poor performance with uncertain inflation. The long-run returns of equity is tremendous than the long-run return of bond. This principle is reasonable for the equity can bring risk premium return for the portfolio.2.) Diversify Portfolio. Risk could be more effectively reduced by diversify the portfolio to different kinds of asset classes rather than pile on the single asset class. With the diversified strategy, the portfolio can prevent extremely loss when the market is down unexpected.3.) Seek opportunities in less efficient markets. There are far greater incremental returns in nonpublic markets with incomplete information and illiquidity through selecting superior managers. Therefore, The Investment Office devote large portion of fund in illiquid investments. This principle sounds good but the Investment Office should pay attention to potential large risk.4.) Utilize outside managers for all but the most routine or indexed of investments. For the outside managers can be given considerable autonomy to implement their strategies with relatively little interference from Yale. However, it’s not an easy task in finding excellent managers in foreign equity market, especially in emerging market. Also, we will face the problem of interest conflict between Yale and the external managers.5.) Focus critically on the explicit and implicit incentives facing outside managers. Because rarely asset management business had good incentive alignments built into typical client-manager relationships. It is necessary for Investment Office to construct good innovative relationships and fee structures with various external managers to consist the manager interests with Yale’s. Yale ´s Investment Committee annually reviewed its endowment portfolio. For the choice between different asset classes we will consider the actual allocations in 2006. *2006 (current Target allocation)*Considered only the last 2-3 years The consideration of the expected returns and risks from its current allocation and compared them with those of past Yale allocations and the current mean allocation of other universities reflected the need of university to diversify its holdings.In August 2006, Swensen and Takahashi believed that they probably wanted to continue with investments in less efficient markets. But Private investments were important in contributing to Yale ´s highest returns. How should Yale allocate its new commitment? Compelling category to invest in Venture Capital/ Real estate/ Real assets, choices today? Mix between new groups and established organizations? Should Yale expand its international program to include a greater emphasis on Asia and other emerging markets? Overview: Advantage DiadvantagePrivate Equity(Venture Capital/ Real estate/) -consists with investment philosophy-long-term relationship with limited number of organizations-Excess Returns (15,4%) by portfolio ´s active Manager-greater exposure than other schools-scale on which PE operated-VC midmarket BO-relationship with key manager – competitive advantage -Yale has understanding of the private equity process -boom and bust cycle (high risk)-defections of key personnel-manager risk-avoid VC: obtaining access to the best firms nearly impossible-Yale should invest with a top-tier firm International PE Funds -good, because of the increasingly competitive in the U.S market-they have general partners on site (e.g China) -more planning-subsidiaries or affiliates of large financial institutions-difficult to evaluate foreign private equity organizations and selecting manager Real Assets (Real Estate/oil and gas) -interesting set of investment opportunities-avoid mortgages and other debt -only attractive if they could find the right manager with the right strategies and the right incentive structures-transaction fees or fees based upon assets-less attractive oil-and-gas, because it is difficult to find well-designed oil-and-gas partnerships Foreign equity/ Emerging markets -Undervalued  securities-provide portfolio diversification-grow rapidly, provide opportunities for active managers to earn superior returns- 7 active emerging market manager in the PF-(well diversified) -Slow development of institutional investing-Leading foreign manager appeared to work for large institutions -returns low correlation with those of the US-link between growth and profitability is weak Bonds / Foreign fixed-income securities -low risk -Skepsis, if returns are enough for compensation of default risk and callability of corporate issues-low expected returns perform poorly Approach (regard to the table above):Yale should stay committed to private equity (e.g high returns, Yale ´s hedging strategies reduces risk in private equity, enough important benefits to being in the private market). Besides it consists with the investment philosophy (principles). They should diversify portfolio with international private equity funds, it allows to break into new markets and get new opportunities, key managers are on site. Yale shouldn ´t invest in real estate (Real estate industry is dominated by firms that were compensated through transaction fees or fees based upon assets under management. These firms have every incentive to keep their investors ´ capital toed up over long periods of time. Besides less attractive is also oil-and-gas industry not enough knowledge and key manager). They have 7 key manager in the Portfolio for emerging markers, so it is a great opportunity to expand in emerging markets and find undervalued securities. The link between growth and profitability, which is weak can change with good manager decisions. They could diversify the risk with the high Private Equity returns.

Timeline of Napoleon Bonaparte :: essays research papers

August 5, 1769: Napoleon Bonaparte is born. His original name was Napoleone Buonaparte in Corsican, but in French it became Napoleon Bonaparte. January 1, 1779: At the age of nine Napoleon’s father sends him to the college d'Autun with his brother Joseph. May 15, 1779: Later that year, his father sent him to a French military academy at Brienne-le-Chateau, near Troyes. At the academy, Napoleon excelled in mathematics. October 1784: Napoleon leaves Brienne and joins the Royal Military School in Paris. While there, he was constantly teased by the French students because he never joined in games, instead keeping to himself. October 28, 1785: Napoleon had studied to be an artilleryman and an officer. Graduating in 1785, Napoleon received a commission as a second lieutenant in the artillery. Once Napoleon reached the age of 16, he joined the French army. September 15, 1786: Napoleon returns to Corsica after receiving a leave of absence from the military, to return home and visit family. September 12, 1787: Napoleon returns from Corsica, knowing he overstayed his leave of absence for five and a half months because of the French revolution. He realizes he had to leave. September 1789: Napoleon has his third visit to Corsica. The French revolution swept through the country. February 12, 1791: Finally returns to Auxonne. September 1791: Napoleon becomes First Lieutenant for his excellence in leadership and artillery. June 1792: Napoleon joined a radical political society called the Jacobins, who wanted to make France a democratic republic. This membership brought Napoleon into a conflict with the governor of Corsica, Pasquale Paoli. Paoli was a royalist, a supporter of the French monarchy, and in 1792, France went to war with Austria. January, 1793: The French King, Louis XVI was executed and Napoleon returned to the French Army. June 11, 1793: A quarrel with Paoli, the mayor of Corsica, starts and the Napoleon’s family was forced to leave the island. June 13, 1793: Napoleon’s family successfully arrives in Toulon. June 20, 1793: Robespierre and other Jacobins took over the government in June 1793 and began the Reign of Terror. French cities revolted against his government. December 1793: Napoleon successfully defeats the British ships at Toulon. At the age of 24, he became army general in charge of the Army of Italy. July 29, 1794: Robespierre is executed on the July of 1794 during the Thermidorian Reaction. In August, Napoleon is imprisoned for about a week. Napoleon is soon released because of his personal connections. June 13, 1795: After only two years of being Army General of Italy.

FIT ME IN Essay

4th Floor, Sunshine Plaza Building FTI Complex, Taguig City Presented to the Faculty of Department of Information Technology Education AMA Computer Learning Center College By: Norjie D. Ditucalan Sumille D. Gomez Chapter 1 Background Study Nowadays, in a highly technological society, human productivity is made more efficient through the development of electronic gadgets. More advanced technology is now being introduced. One of the best examples is the computer based database. Now, with the advent of such modernization in health, one way to globalize the process of research is to realize that technology advancing at an incredibly fast pace. Computers are not confined to being used for entertainment but its role in health maintenance is also vast. Companies and business establishments use computer based system to provide information to their clients, employees, costumers, and especially to the management. In Fitness Gym, recording details are written down on record books. A record book is a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someonewith their personal information provided. It is also organized for use and maintained by an employee, or a private individual. In addition, it is a place in which we get information in any format and from many sources. The employee has to keep the room neat so that it is conductive the fitness activity. The gym employee is also the person who is liable for monitoring all the records in the said establishment. The proponent will propose a computerized recording system for the FEM GYM. The gym is still utilizing a manual system. The costumers and the employees still use a logbook in writing down the information and records of each client. This system is to provide facilities for users to enter information into the system  directly, instead of passing the information usually on paper. Objectives of the Study General Objective Generally, the proponent’s purpose in designing the system is to help the operation of FEM Fitness Gym with regards to their records. This system will be able to help the said establishment to find their records accurate and promptly. Also to change the manual system of their daily recording. It will lessen the time of the employee in searching the costumer’s record and computerized their costumers profile sheet. It introduces a new way of informing and updating the operation of FEM Gym. Specific Objectives 1. To provides an organize file inside the gym. 2. To make it easier for the employees and costumer to find their records. 3. To make it easier for the employees to input information for the new members Scope of the Study This system deals with searching of accurate information with regards to FEM Fitness Gym. Just by simply pointing and clicking the mouse on the search button and let the user display the information needed on the screen. The user can also check the time consumed by the costumer and input how much they have to pay. It also updates the membership status of each client. Significance of the study This study provides a great advantage to the employee and the owner. The system was designed to make filing information and sorting of records easier and more convenient. It is easy to manipulate and functional to the employee and the owner. Moreover the software was designed with the security code or password to secure all files and records from unauthorized users. Chapter 2 RELATED LITERATURE This chapter will discuss the theoretical framework that illustrates paradigm of existing system and the study of the system. This will be followed by a review of the related literature of the previous writings and research done by the distinguished authorities, which have significant impact on the  problem under investigation. This places the current study into the context of previous, related research. Such as, the literature review emphasizes the relatedness between the current study and the works of the other authors. FOREIGN STUDIES A record is any information –text, number, image, or voice kept for future reference. As a civil servant or even as a business man, you need to realise how vital an efficient records management system is to the smooth operation of an organisation. The main purpose of a records management system is to make sure records are available when needed so that the organization can operate efficiently. Such a system fulfils this purpose in several ways by: âž ¢ Using storage media âž ¢ Providing proper storage equipment and supplies âž ¢ Outlining procedures for filing âž ¢ Developing an efficient retrieval procedure âž ¢ Setting up a schedule for when records should be kept or discarded. An office cannot operate without records. Records are kept so that you and others in the office can refer to the information later or use it to complete another task. That is why many business and other organizations have records management system such a system will help you store and retrieve records efficiently and keep the file current. RECORD SYSTEMS: There are several systems we can keep our records. Some of them are as follows: âÅ"“ The Book File System : This is the method of filing whereby all minutes are enclosed from the left-hand side, face to cover, in chronological order and are numbered in the same fashion as the book. The first page is the oldest paper in the file. âÅ"“ The Split File System: This is the method of filing whereby all minutes are put on the left hand side of the file and separately numbered, while letters, both incoming and outgoing, are placed on the right hand side and numbered consecutively from the bottom to the top†¦ Excerpt from Record Management Facilities by AsogwaSylve, (2010). In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general. The excerpt was stated by Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995). Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, and to science and technology education according to the 1987 Philippine Constitution (Article XIV, Section 10). Since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department as indicated by Jeffrey A. Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996). A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of data. That is the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and maintained as stated by Abraham Silberschatz, Database System Concepts (1999). A database is an organized collection of facts and information. An organizations database can contain facts and information on customers, employees, inventory, competitors, sales information and much more. Most Managers and executive believe a database is one of the most valuable and important parts of a computer-based Information System in accordance with Ralph M. Stair’s Fundamentals of Information System (2001). LOCAL STUDIES In the old days, business was done using papers and flat registers. The organization of these registers was difficult and the storage of huge amounts of data was a real problem. Also, the process of preparing a report takes a lot of time. But when computers were introduced into the business  field, everything had changed. Databases were used to store huge amounts of data and organize them. Instead of spending many hours (or maybe days) preparing a report, a query consisting of a number of statements can perform the job in some seconds. Although databases were very useful, another problem has appeared. Companies and corporations spread over wide distances. A single company can have branches in all the governorates of a country and maybe with some branches outside that country. Data communicating and sharing was a problem. This problem was solved using computer networks which are the best way for data communicating. Nowadays, computer networks are essential for any business. Computer networks are used for file transfer, voice and video conferencing. For this reason, we have chosen our final project to discuss networks from different sides†¦ Excerpt from DESIGNING A BANK NETWORK (2010). In the past, history has it that the act of â€Å"RECORD KEEPING† were basically performed on tablets, stone, Animal skin and many other forms of record keeping were also designed .However, over the years, with the advent of modern technology, things have changed tremendously for better. Science and researches have come up with an efficient electronic machine called â€Å"computer† that can perform wonders in various capacity and of such is the record keeping. No single development within the past five decades has a greater impact on record keeping system, accounting and business management system than the advent of computer application (wikipedia). Computers are widely used in the field of engineering, medicine, education, automobile technology, agriculture, economic planning e.t.c. However, the most spectacular growth has been in the field of business organization. Similarly, tasks such as record keeping which requires repetition for various sets of data are ideally suited for computer system. Excerpt from the article of THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER APPLICTION ON RECORD KEEPINGBY AHMAD UMAR DEWA CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The academic motivation underlying the above aims is to systematically explore whether a new conceptual coherence can be developed within the field of action oriented research such that the current ordering process could be  conceptually assimilated, further clarified, brought to sharper focus, usefully applicable. This standard type of framework shows the input we are proposing and the process that has to be done then the outcome of it. InputProcessOutput The conceptual framework shows that the existing process of the establishment in FEM Fitness Gym, Maharlika Road Branch, Taguig is a manual process wherein they find their records/files manually and they write the costumer’s information. In this process the gym operations consumes too much time and effort or wasting in finding their records while our proposed system process, help the gym to find their record promptly. Also change their manual system of their daily recording. It will lessen the time of the employee in searching the costumer’s record and computerized input of information. Definiton of Terms Record keeping Record keeping refers to the retention of records deemed important to a person, company or any other establishment. This goes hand in hand with records management, which is the creation, retention, filing, storage, to final disposition. Database A database is an organized collection of data. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring this information. For example, modeling the availability of rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel with vacancies. FILES This page describes the term file and lists other pages on the Web where you can find additional information. FITNESS GYM A health club (also known as a fitness club, fitness center, and commonly referred to as a gym) is a place which houses exercise equipmentfor the purpose of physical exercise. VISUAL BASIC Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language and  integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model first released in 1991. Microsoft intends Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn and use.[1][2] Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. The scripting language VBScript is a subset of Visual Basic. MY SQL also called â€Å"My Sequel† (as of July 2013) the world’s most widely usedopen-source relational database management system(RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases, thoughSQLite probably has more total embedded deployments. It is named after co-founder Michael Widenius’s daughter, My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language. CODES A code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture) into another – usually shortened orcovert- form or representation (one sign into another sign), not necessarily of the same type. SEARCH BOX A search box or search field is a common GUI element used in computer programs, such as file managers or web browsers, and on web sites. A search box is usually a single-line text boxwith the dedicated function of accepting user input to be searched for in a database. Search boxes on web pages are usually used to allow users to enter a query to be submitted to a Web search engine server-side script, where an index database is queried for entries that contain one or more of the user’s keywords. Chapter 3 Research Methodology Descriptive Method It was argued that archival description is not simply an aid to discovery and retrieval3. Instead, it is integral to documenting knowledge about records and the circumstances in which they are made and kept – essential knowledge  for the records to exist as records and serve their principal use as evidence. In other words, the primary purpose of documentation or finding aids is not repository control or the facilitation of access but as an indispensable component in the making and keeping of records. In the paper world, it was possible to lose sight of this because archival methods based on the ‘life cycle’ separated the preparation of finding aids in time from other documentation activities. Archivists acquired custody of records no longer in current use and preserved them by physically segregating them into provenance-based fonds in an order reflecting their last practical use. This fixity of placement and arrangement was replicated in finding aids which did l ittle more than represent the physical organisation of the records in boxes and on shelves. In this last ‘archival’ phase of the life cycle, such finding aids contribute little to recordkeeping (merely duplicating physical placement, which has been the chief recordkeeping tool known to the archivist). Finding aids also give value-added knowledge of context, but even here archivists have allowed themselves to become ‘collection’ focused. Archivists have documented contextual knowledge only insofar as it related to the records they held, being the small quantity of records which have survived appraisal (or competition for deposit) and which happened to have been transferred to their custody. Context has been documented only insofar as it was necessary to describe records in custody. Contextual descriptions have become, therefore, merely adjuncts to and enhancements of the listings of records held – little more than additional descriptors to an item list – not documentation of a recordkeeping system. Not surprisingly, such finding aids c ame to be seen as being principally aids to discovery and retrieval. Their prospective users (those for whom they were written) were ‘researchers’ whose perceived information needs came to dominate archival descriptive practice. Traditional descriptive methods were used to portray an entity in which it was assumed all relevant features of structure were to be found physically embodied in the material being portrayed and to which necessary contextual knowledge could be attached as a descriptive enhancement rather than to show relationships with other descriptive entities (not necessarily records). This traditional descriptive model or ‘system’ informs much of the work which has so far gone into recent descriptive standards efforts. The International Council on Archives (ICA)  standards claim to be independent of both technological and methodological systems, though I have argued in Part 1 that they are dependent on, and limited by, the assumptions implicit in the traditional methods they largely reflect. Name: Position: Questionnaire 1.Do you encounter record problems? Like lost of record sheets? How? Why? 2.Are you willing to change your recording method from to computerized? Why? 3.What are the problems usually occurs? 4.Are you convinced that the manual recording reflect with the income of your business is accurate? 5.If you’re going to develop your recording process, what features would you like to add? 6.Are there any information sources of information which I should be aware? 7.How would your customers know their membership status? 8.How often do you check your membership status? Week Year Month Other 9.What is the current membership status of your customers? 10.We name this system as â€Å"Fit Me In†, Do you want it to be change? If yes, give any suggestions. Name: Position: Survey 1.How long you’ve been running this fitness gym? Months Year/s 2.Is it hard to keep recording/ attendance sheet of your customer? Yes No 3. Any changes you want to change to improve the process on your work? User-friendly Secured Easy to Update 4.Do you encountered lost of records? Yes No 5. Are you convinced with the manual transaction when it comes to security? Yes No Data Flow Diagram